The 78xx series regulators are pretty bomb-proof. Assuming you're using a recent, overload protected version, it's almost impossible to kill them.

The same circuit will work with almost any current rating. I'd suggest adding another 100nF capacitor across the input to the thing as well, and if the current is going to be substantial (over an amp), double the size of the input and output electrolytics. You might as well use 220uF on the input and 100uF or above on the output, this should make it work with any capacity 7805 you want. It'll work with lower values, but will have more ripple under load.

Use a reasonable heatsink, since linear regulators aren't noted for efficiency (they simply dump the excess energy as heat, so if you're pulling 1A @ 5V, ie 5W, and the thing is running from a 12v supply, you are dissipating 1A @ 7V or 7W, ie the difference), and you can't go far wrong.

pca