Although Mark's suggestion is the best one to try first, something about your post gave me pause. It was this here:
I tried the different security protocols, WPA2 (both AES and TKIP(?)), WPA, and even WEP. Everytime Vista said it couldn't connect because of the incorrect password.
By default, Vista doesn't offer you those options. It gives you a single box in which to enter the passkey, and then does the necessary trickery to handshake with the router in the correct format.
The fact that you were being prompted for those options tells me that you were using the wireless adapter's bundled third party connection manager.
Ew. Ick. Bad.
Turn it off, check its little box that says "use windows to manage my wireless networks", deinstall it, do whatever it takes to get rid of it. You should be using only the drivers for the adapter and the Windows features to connect to the network.
While you're at it, make sure that you're using Vista-native drivers for the wireless adapter. Go to the command prompt and type:
NETSH WLAN SHOW DRIVERS
It will give you the information about the wireless adapter. About 1/3 of the way down the list, you're looking for:
Type : Native Wi-Fi Driver
If it says "Legacy" there instead of "Native", it means you're running a Windows XP driver under Vista, and that also can be a problem. Find a Vista native driver from the adapter's manufacturer.