My old Hawking router use to do that about once a week or every other week, usually to my main PC. That was the primary reason I got rid of it.
The issue came back again last week, and static IP assignment fixed it. I use the Apple Airport router, and it looks like the newest firmware (7.6.3) has some bugs. Tied to both having extra Express units on the network and also IPv6 connectivity. I have both. And whenever the problem appeared, both IPv4 and IPv6 would fail to get addresses. The router logs would show the connection and address attempts, and strangely would try to treat my laptop as another wireless access point, even over ethernet.
Rolled back to the previous firmware (7.6.1) and so far the issue hasn't reappeared.