The Wikipedia article on the OSI model does a pretty good job explaining the fundamental concepts and citing examples of protocols at each layer. If you want more on TCP/IP in detail, get your hands on a copy of TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 1 by W. Richard Stevens.

SSL and TLS have changed a lot over the years, and I haven't really kept up with those changes, but I learned everything I know about them from Rescorla's "SSL and TLS" way back in the day.

Depending on the level of depth you want, you can probably get 80-90% of the way there between Wikipedia and searching for keywords on Stack Exchange before you crack open either of these books, but for that last 10%, they're both good reads.