You are of course expecting Windows to work as well as Apple in this regard. As with many things, Apple implemented this right, and Windows did not. I have had similar maddening issues with the search feature of Windows and never found a proper work around. Don't know why it sucks so bad in this regard, you'd think they'd have gotten it right by now.

If you're just looking for filenames instead of file contents, I'd say just use the DOS DIR command in this case.

dir \\server\share\archive\*2016-02-12*.pdf /s