I'm going to back up what Peter just said: There's nothing that software or windows or synching can do to break the disk drive hardware. Something else did it, something physical.

As a last ditch effort you can try running the builder on that drive, that's the program that reformats it and puts the partitions onto it fresh. If that doesn't work, then it's definitely a hardware problem and completely unrelated to the synch error.

I'm not sure what the nature of the "brief power surge" that you described was, but that's the sort of thing that could cause trouble if the drive were being accessed at the time of the spike.