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how will the plane make progress through the air if it is not moving foward down the runway?

It will move forward down the runway as soon as its propeller starts turning with enough thrust. No matter what the conveyor belt does, it's not gonna stop that from happening. If the conveyor is trying to stop the plane from moving, it's acting on the wrong part of the plane. To stop the plane, you need to act upon the air, not upon the wheels.
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Tony Fabris