... there must be some sort of conduit space where wiring, pipes, or whatever else goes up and down...
Ethernet cables can be routed outside, then back inside.
It is OK to take the 'long way around' to get the cable from A to B. Up to about 100 meters, ethernet doesn't really care much about cable length. Just use a decent quality cable.
The main precaution is to avoid close proximity to high voltage electrical wiring and away from potential lightening strike points.
Even a few inches distance between parallel electrical and ethernet cables may be enough to allow the network to work. The more spacing, the better.
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